A Systematic Review on Sole Ulcer and White Line Disease in Dairy Cows

Background: A systematic review of the recent findings on sole ulcers and white line disease in dairy cow.
Objective: To review and discuss the most recent published topics related to sole ulcers and white line disease.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, focusing on articles published between 2020 and 2026. The processes of screening titles, abstracts, and full texts were carried out using R software (version 4.4.1, 2024) and the Revtools package.
Results: The pathogenesis of claw horn lesions is primarily associated with biomechanical failure and localized bruising of the sole and white line. Important advances in lameness control include early detection through mobility scoring, prompt treatment, and the use of non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in combination with claw blocks. Accurate recording of lesions and lameness is also essential for hoof health management and for improving genetic indices. Digital cushion thickness is a key factor influencing the occurrence of lameness; its volume is affected by age, genetics, rearing period, stage of lactation, history of lameness, and body condition score (BCS). The manner of communication between the consultant and the farmer, involving the farmer in decision‑making, and the level of motivation provided play a crucial role in the successful implementation of therapeutic recommendations.
Conclusion: Based on the pathogenesis and recovery processes of sole ulcer and white line disease, recent research has focused on improving genetics and animal welfare in order to identify effective strategies for preventing their occurrence.