Spinal stabilization techniques in small animals

Background: Spinal injuries in small animals, particularly dogs, are among the most frequent and complex challenges in veterinary specialty practice. These traumas—often resulting from car accidents, falls, or bite wounds—are commonly associated with high mechanical instability and neurological damage. Given the anatomical complexity and critical structures involved, accurate surgical planning and stabilization are essential.
Objective: This article aims to describe and compare various surgical methods for spinal fixation in the cervical, thoracolumbar, and lumbosacral regions, providing practical clinical guidance for selecting the most appropriate technique based on anatomical location and injury characteristics.
Methods: This narrative review compiles data from authoritative sources and clinical experience. It discusses injury classification using the three-compartment model, preoperative planning with advanced imaging (CT and MRI), reduction strategies, and surgical stabilization techniques. Methods covered include pin/monocortical screws with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), locking plate systems such as the String of Pearls (SOP) and Locking Compression Plate (LCP), and transarticular screws, as well as other techniques. Anatomical considerations, implant selection, and intraoperative access are also addressed.
Results: The findings suggest that careful technique selection based on the anatomical region, neurological status, patient size, and equipment availability plays a critical role in minimizing complications and optimizing outcomes. Monocortical screws combined with PMMA and locking plates offer improved biomechanical stability and safety compared to older methods. Postoperative care, including pain control and monitoring for implant integrity, is essential for successful recovery.
Conclusion: Effective management of spinal injuries in small animals requires a systematic approach including accurate diagnosis, advanced imaging, tailored surgical planning, and postoperative care. This article provides a comprehensive reference for veterinary surgeons in the selection and application of appropriate spinal stabilization strategies.