Biomarkers of myocardial and skeletal muscle diseases in small animals

Muscle diseases can be either inherited or acquired that result from several different disease processes including; infectious, drug- and toxin-induced, and immune mediated, endocrine and metabolic disorders. Standard hematological and biochemical, immunologic, molecular, pathological tests are indicated to diagnosis and monitoring these diseases. From the biochemical tests, the serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine kinase, and serum concentration of lactate, myoglobin, troponins, natriuretic peptides, are measured. The aim of this study is to introduce biomarkers that used nowadays to detect skeletal muscle and myocardial damage in small animals. It also provides information on the structure, function, metabolism, reference values and applicability of these biomarkers to provide a better understanding of the health status of skeletal and myocardial muscles by choosing an appropriate biomarker.