List of Articles Fracture

• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  1 - Management of fractures in cattle
  Nasim Qaemifar Faezeh Alipour
  20.1001.1.24235695.1401.9.2.5.8
  Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fractu More

  Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fracture and recovery. Generally, fractures which occur in ruminants and generally in large ruminants are of great importance for treatment because according to experiences, despite the cost incurred, the treatment of these complications is a good result .Often fractures occur in hind limb and fore limb parts of the animals and fewer cases are reported from the other parts. Selection of appropriate treatment method and control of these complications is affected by several factors, but in general, economic factors in patients can be considered as one of the most effective factors in this selection. About fracture management, some factors such as physical examination, prevention of subsequent secondary infection and etc, are discussed. In general, from 1950 onwards, the use of internal fixation in the treatment of fractures increased. The costs that are used to provide internal fixation instruments, preparation of radiographs, the salary of surgeons, postoperative cares and etc, may be considered for the owner, therefore, it should be considered before the beginning of surgery. Although there are many studies about the modification of fractures with external fixation, but there is a little data about the use of this system in large animals. In this article, the principles of treatment of internal and external fixation fractures are mentioned. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  2 - A review on external coaptation methods in small animal
  pouriya almasi Aboutorab  Tabatabaei Naeini
  20.1001.1.24235695.1402.10.1.5.3
  External fixation by means of coaptation means using casts, splints, bandages, and slings to immobilize the injured limb. These methods if used properly approximate the shape of the limb on which they are applied and provide stable fixation of bone fragments without the More

  External fixation by means of coaptation means using casts, splints, bandages, and slings to immobilize the injured limb. These methods if used properly approximate the shape of the limb on which they are applied and provide stable fixation of bone fragments without the need for surgical implants at the fracture site. External fixation of orthopedic injuries in veterinary medicine has significant advantages over open fixation and internal fixation. In most cases, the soft tissue and vascular damages, the risk of infection, and the cost of its use can be much lower than surgical intervention. Careful case selection is required to achieve successful treatment of fractures with external coaptation. Temporary fixation methods are usually used to prevent edema, relieve pain, reduce subsequent soft tissue damage, protect the wound from further contamination, prevent the conversion of closed fractures to open fractures, and stabilize the fractured particles in acutely injured animals. Various types of External coaptations are available in veterinary practice to provide the best external fixation of injuries. Therefore, it is essential for the practitioners in this field to have sufficient familiarity with different methods and their uses. As a general rule, external coaptation is an acceptable mode of fracture repair for animals that are younger than 1 year of age, because they heal faster. External coaptation best neutralizes flexion forces on distal fractures and requires stabilization of the joint above and below the fractured site. Therefore, coaptation has the disadvantage of prolonged immobilization of the limb, which can cause severe atrophy from "disuse atrophy" and possible "fracture disease". Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  3 - Internal Fixation Methods of Bone Fractures in Small Animals
  Arian Pouramin Seifollah  Dehghani
  20.1001.1.24235695.1402.10.1.7.5
  Bone fractures in dogs and cats are usually see and we concern with those in the clinic. Usually, fractures occur after a traumatic accident such as being hit by a car or falling from a height, some fractures occur following pathological bone weakening, which is seen wi More

  Bone fractures in dogs and cats are usually see and we concern with those in the clinic. Usually, fractures occur after a traumatic accident such as being hit by a car or falling from a height, some fractures occur following pathological bone weakening, which is seen with some neoplastic conditions such as osteosarcoma. The main goals of fracture stabilization; Immobilization of broken parts, quick repair of the damaged bone, return of primary mobility, full function and stability to weight bearing of the bruise limb. All internal and external fixation methods that allow significant intersegmental motion under weight bearing are considered flexible fixation. The best important point in the stabilization of fractures is that a possibility of repair, that is, the blood supply to the place is maintained and the fixation is not so tight that it leads to a delay in bone fusion. Open fixation and internal fixation have been used to restore bone anatomy and original mobility and to overcome the limitations encountered when treating fractures with skeletal traction or cast immobilization. The main goal of internal fixation is to achieve rapid and, if possible, full function of the affected limb with rapid rehabilitation of the patient. The selection of the internal fixation method is based on the classification of the fracture, break bone, synchronize injuries, open fracture, and of course the forces that are neutralized by the fixation method. Internal stabilization implants are made of stainless steel and include; There are intramedullary pins, orthopedic wire, plates and screws. Manuscript profile
• Open Access Article
  • Abstract Page
  • Full-Text
  
  4 - The healing process of bone lesions and fractures, effective treatment methods
  Haniyeh yabandeh jahromi Abodol hamid Meymandi Parizi Alireza Shaikhzadeh
  20.1001.1.24235695.1402.10.1.9.7
  Fracture repair involves proliferation and differentiation of multiple tissue types in a sequence followed by regeneration. All of these processes may be affected by medications. Some drugs can affect the proliferation of primary callus tissue, others can affect the dif More

  Fracture repair involves proliferation and differentiation of multiple tissue types in a sequence followed by regeneration. All of these processes may be affected by medications. Some drugs can affect the proliferation of primary callus tissue, others can affect the differentiation of chondrocytes or osteoblasts, formation of capillaries, sensitivity to mechanical input, etc. Therefore, the subject of drugs and fracture repair not only includes pharmacology and orthopedics, but also includes a wide scope. Repair steps after bone damage include: stage 1: (swelling stage), stage 2: (primary bone repair): over the next 4 to 21 days, a callus is formed around the broken bone. In this stage, a substance called collagen gradually replaces the blood clot. Step 3: (secondary bone repair) approximately two weeks after the fracture, cells called osteoblasts start working. These cells cause new bone to fuse and provide minerals needed for bone strength. Step 4: (reconstruction step): in this stage, cells called osteoclasts make the needed changes and adjustments. These cells break down any extra bone that is formed during this healing phase to return the bone shape to its normal status. In current veterinary and also human orthopedics, bone grafts are used for stimulation of fractures healing, accelerate joint fusion and repair of bone defects. Native grafted bone in addition to healing stimulator substances, contains cells that do not stimulate immune reactions and do not transmit infectious diseases. Currently, due to the problems of autologous bone grafting, the desire to use non-autologous bone grafts such as allograft and xenograft has increased. Kinetic hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and their both combination are among the common materials for bone grafting. Hydroxyapatite works as a scaffold for the growth of bone-forming cells; tarantula cubensis is an extract that is widely used in the treatment of tumors, smallpox, septicemia and toxemic diseases. Also, other materials that are used as substitutes, after being implanted at the site of bone lesions, induce the differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present at the site of the lesion into chondrocytes or immature bone cells, and finally, the defects are successfully repaired. Manuscript profile