List of articles (by subject) Veterinary Soft and Hard Tissue Surgery
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Open Access Article
1 - The role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in treatment of the canine osteoarthritis
niloofar seydi Ali GhashghaiiOsteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease accompanied by a progressive reduction of extracellular matrices in joint cartilage and bone and, eventually, loss of joint function and excessive morbidity. OA has been reported in various animal spesies, such as can MoreOsteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease accompanied by a progressive reduction of extracellular matrices in joint cartilage and bone and, eventually, loss of joint function and excessive morbidity. OA has been reported in various animal spesies, such as canine. During years, various therapeutic measurs have been used for treating the OA. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in treatment of the canine osteoarthritis. PRP is the concentration of platelets derived from the plasma portion of one’s own blood. It can be injected in the site of injury, or it can be made into a platelet-rich fibrin clot (PRFC) to use as a scaffold and source for sustained releasing of growth factors. These growth factors reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines, which dampens the production of destructive matrix. In veterinary medicine, PRP has most often been reported for tendon/ligament injuries and osteoarthritis. The majority of the veterinary literature reporting on PRP involves its use in equine patients, and evidence in canine patients is few. In summary, PRP appears to be safe and potentially useful in treating a number of orthopedic conditions. In vitro data and clinical results in other species are encouraging Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Anesthetic management differences between small animal and horse
Nasser VesalVeterinary anesthesia is a relatively new science that uses different drugs and techniques to provide optimal condition (analgesia, immobility, muscle relaxation and amnesia) to perform various medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures in domestic, exotic and wild ani MoreVeterinary anesthesia is a relatively new science that uses different drugs and techniques to provide optimal condition (analgesia, immobility, muscle relaxation and amnesia) to perform various medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures in domestic, exotic and wild animals. In order to perform a safe sedation, analgesia, local and general anesthesia, adequate scientific knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of the species are required. The most common species that referred for surgical procedures are small animal (cat and dog) and horses. Although surgical procedure are also performed on ruminants, general anesthesia is not common in these species due to some specific reasons (economic costs, bloat, regurgitation and easily performed standing surgeries in cattle). There are several anatomical, physiological and pharmacological differences as well as difference in body weight and temperament between small animal and horses that should be considered before anesthesia. The present paper discusses the major differences that require appropriate preoperative preparation when conducting anesthesia in small animal and horses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs: a comparison of the Ligasure, Ultrasound, Bipolar, and Ligature methods
Mohammad Yasan Bangash Mir Sepehr Pedram Sanaz Banifazl Mohammad Molazem Maryam Iran Manesh Fariba Khaki Yazdan AryazandIntroduction: Laparoscopic ovariectomy is one of the common procedures performed in adult female dogs. The objective of this study was to compare the intraoperative and postoperative effects of laparoscopic ovariectomy with four hemostasis methods including Ligasure(LS) MoreIntroduction: Laparoscopic ovariectomy is one of the common procedures performed in adult female dogs. The objective of this study was to compare the intraoperative and postoperative effects of laparoscopic ovariectomy with four hemostasis methods including Ligasure(LS), Ultrasound scalpel(US), Bipolar(BP) electrosurgery, and ligature(LT). Materials and Methods: 9 adult mix breed female dogs divided into four groups (LS, US, and LT(n=2); BP (n=3)). Total operation time(TT), Total hemostasis time(HT), presence of hemorrhage was recorded during surgery. In the 7th day objects euthanized to investigate abdominal cavity for gross pathologic changes such as presence of adhesion, and histopathological changes due to thermal damage in organs adjacent to anatomic region of ovaries such as uterine horns. Results: Both TT and HT significantly reduced in LS and US groups in comparison with BP group (P<0.05). TT and HT in LT group were significantly more than BP group. Minimum adhesion score were detected in LS and US groups (no significant difference) which were significantly lesser than BP group (P<0.05). In LT group granuloma around suture material were detected. Thermal damage on uterine horn were significantly higher in BP and LS groups (no significant difference) than US and LT(with no thermal injury) groups (p<0.05). Discussion and Conclusion: Application of easy, fast, safe method of hemostasis with minimal thermal damage and postoperative complications is mandatory in laparoscopic ovariectomy. Use of Ultrasonic scalpel in comparision with other methods was fast, and the most applicable with minimum thermal injury and postoperative complications in laparoscopic ovariectomy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Arthroscopy in small animals
Samaneh GhasemiApplication of minimally invasive surgeries are increasing in veterinary medicine. Joint disorders are among the most important cause for lameness in small animals, especially dogs. Arthroscopy is one of the techniques for diagnosing, treating and managing of joint inju MoreApplication of minimally invasive surgeries are increasing in veterinary medicine. Joint disorders are among the most important cause for lameness in small animals, especially dogs. Arthroscopy is one of the techniques for diagnosing, treating and managing of joint injuries. Arthroscopy has advantages over arthrotomy. Arthroscopic surgery is used for management of different injuries in shoulder (glenohumeral), coxofemoral (hip), elbow, carpal and tarsal joints in small animals. Arthroscopy provides the best access to intra-articular structures. Also, post-operative cares, recovery, pain and infection are less than arthrotomy. The goal of this article is to review the uses of arthroscopy in small animals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Introduce of a Simple and Minimally Invasive Approach for Access to Epidural Space
Asma Asadian Mohammad mehdi Dehghan Majid Masudifard َAthena SalimiBackground: Although various researches have been conducted to improve therapeutic strategies in resolving spinal cord injuries, robust clinical treatment is not yet available. Developing a standard animal model is essential before treatment. Objectives: The present st MoreBackground: Although various researches have been conducted to improve therapeutic strategies in resolving spinal cord injuries, robust clinical treatment is not yet available. Developing a standard animal model is essential before treatment. Objectives: The present study was performed to introduce a simple, applicable, and minimally invasive approach for access to epidural space in cat. Methods: We used per-cutaneous approach from lumbosacral junction for stainless steel cannula insertion to the epidural space. CT-scan, conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, tractography, and behavioral evaluation were used to assess the correct position of cannula and neurological condition of the patient. Results: MRI results showed no significant change in signal intensity index of neural structures under lumbosacral junction. These observations were further supported by tractography, and also behavioral examination during study. Conclusions: We found that per-cutaneous approach from lumbosacral junction is a simple and applicable approach which has no side effects and artifact formation in MRI evaluation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Inflammation and arcing (BOWED TENDON) of the superficial flexor tendon (SDF)
Saeed Azizi Mahmoodjigh Nima Mozafari Farshid DavoudiAmong the flexor tendons in the horse's limbs, the superficial digital flexor tendon is more prone to damage than the deep digital flexor tendon. SDF tendonitis is a common injury in event horses. Recovery of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries is slow, bu MoreAmong the flexor tendons in the horse's limbs, the superficial digital flexor tendon is more prone to damage than the deep digital flexor tendon. SDF tendonitis is a common injury in event horses. Recovery of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries is slow, but re-injury is likely. SDF tendon injuries are more common in the forelimb. Flexor tendon injuries are due to strain on the tendon or a direct trauma. Tendon damage vary from inflammation and pain to complete rupture of the tendon. Injuries caused by strain are associated with swelling that require ultrasound assessment to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for these injuries includes anti-inflammatory treatment, which is initially followed by a rehabilitation program. In cases where drug treatment is not responsive, surgical procedures including tendon splitting and superior check ligament desmotomy can be used. In this study, we briefly review the tendonitis of the superficial digital flexor tendon, etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Horse limb ligaments, injuries and its treatment
Rahim Mohammadi Farshid DavoodiDisorders and problems of the ligaments of the motor limbs of horse are among the things that severely affect the performance of the horse and cause lameness. Early diagnosis, management and treatment measures will improve the prognosis of treatment. Damage to the ligam MoreDisorders and problems of the ligaments of the motor limbs of horse are among the things that severely affect the performance of the horse and cause lameness. Early diagnosis, management and treatment measures will improve the prognosis of treatment. Damage to the ligaments of the suspensory apparatus, which includes the suspensory ligament and distal sesamoidean ligaments, is one of the most important ligament injuries of the fore and hind limbs. Despite advances in horse care, ligament injuries continue to occur. In this paper, we review the types of ligament problems in the limbs, etiology, clinical signs, examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A review of the most common tendon sheath injuries in horses
Rahim Mohammadi Nima MozafariTendon sheath is a connective tissue that main function is to protect the tendon in the areas that are most vulnerable to damage. One of the relatively common causes of lameness and abnormalities in the limb of horses is tendon sheath damage. Injuries to the digital ten MoreTendon sheath is a connective tissue that main function is to protect the tendon in the areas that are most vulnerable to damage. One of the relatively common causes of lameness and abnormalities in the limb of horses is tendon sheath damage. Injuries to the digital tendon sheath, tarsus, and carp are more common than tendon sheaths in other parts of the limbs. Lameness and swelling at the site of the lesion are common clinical findings in many tendon sheath injuries. Primary diagnosis of tendon sheath inflammation is possible with the help of animal history and clinical signs. The use of diagnostic tools, especially diagnostic imaging, is very useful for definitive diagnosis and identifying the primary cause of the disorders or damage to the surrounding tissues. Complete treatment should be done after identifying the underlying cause of sheath inflammation, although treatments such as rest, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, and cold therapy are effective in reducing inflammation and improving clinical signs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Nanoparticles for Tendon Healing and Regeneration
sara javanmardi Dara AziziTendon tissue has limited regeneration potential and usually the consequent formation of scar tissue causes inferior mechanical properties. Nanoparticles could be used in different way to improve tendon healing and regeneration, ranging from scaffolds manufacturing (inc MoreTendon tissue has limited regeneration potential and usually the consequent formation of scar tissue causes inferior mechanical properties. Nanoparticles could be used in different way to improve tendon healing and regeneration, ranging from scaffolds manufacturing (increasing the strength and endurance or anti-adhesions, anti-microbial, and ante inflammatory properties) to gene therapy. This paper aims to summarize the most relevant studies showing the potential application of nanoparticles for tendon tissue regeneration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Tendon, tendon disorders and Cell therapy in tendon
Mehdi Behfar Mohammad Hossein FarjahThe tendon is a firm fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. This structure has the ability to transfer mechanical forces resulting from muscle contraction to the skeletal system. Tendinitis is a general term, often used to describe painful tendo MoreThe tendon is a firm fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone. This structure has the ability to transfer mechanical forces resulting from muscle contraction to the skeletal system. Tendinitis is a general term, often used to describe painful tendon situations due to constant stretching, overuse, degeneration, or poor tendon biomechanism. Tendinopathy is often the result of useless attempts by the body to regenerate a tendon, which a pathological conflict has led to a malfunction. Various treatments have been used to manage tendon disorders. Stem cells are divided into two categories. Embryonic cells (which are very potential but due to ethical considerations, limited studies have been done on them) and postnatal cells. Postnatal cells are divided into two categories, which include; Hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into multiple cells, including tenocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts. these cells are a potential alternative to treating tendon lesions. This article presentan overview of the structure, biomechanics and disorders of tendon and, while pointing to the common therapies today, introduces stem cells , retrospective studies and possibility of using these cells in the optimal treatment of tendon disorders. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Induction of septic peritonitis with laparoscopic assisted cecal ligation and cauterization (CLC) in rabbit
Mahdieh Katebian Mir Sepehr Pedram Majid Masudifard mehdi nasiriSepsis is a complex and dynamic syndrome and it is a medical and economic challenge. To learn more about pathophysiology of this syndrome, animal models have been introduced. Poly microbial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture is the gold standard model of this MoreSepsis is a complex and dynamic syndrome and it is a medical and economic challenge. To learn more about pathophysiology of this syndrome, animal models have been introduced. Poly microbial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture is the gold standard model of this condition. The purpose of this study was introducing a new method of septic peritonitis with laparoscopic assisted cecal ligation and cauterization (CLC) in rabbit model. This study included two groups of adult male New Zealand white rabbits: Control group (4rabbits): exploratory laparoscopy was performed and the cecum was grasped from the distal of ileocecal valve using an atraumatic forceps and pulled out from the trocar entry site. CLC group (4 rabbits): the cecum was ligated and two sites of cecum were cauterized from antimesenteric to mesenteric surface of cecum. Before and during 24 hours after the operation, heart rate, rectal temperature and respiratory rate of rabbits were monitored. Ultrasonography, CBC, peritoneal fluid analysis and bacterial culture was checked 24 hours after the surgery. Statistical analysis of the data in CLC group rabbits showed a significant increase in heart rate 6 and 18 hours after surgery (tachycardia) and increase in respiratory rate from 6 to 24 hours after surgery (tachypnea). In addition, a significant decrease in glucose of serum was observed. Bacterial culture was positive and peritoneal analysis of all rabbits in CLC group indicated the presence of bacteria and infection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - A fresh look at the latest treatment methods of complementary and regenerative medicine in sports horse injuries
Amir Zakian Farshid DavoodiNowadays, due to compression of sports competitions and the occurrence of more injuries, the role of sports medicine in minimizing the recovery and returning the animal to its previous performance with maximum power is more prominent than before. Various remedies are em MoreNowadays, due to compression of sports competitions and the occurrence of more injuries, the role of sports medicine in minimizing the recovery and returning the animal to its previous performance with maximum power is more prominent than before. Various remedies are employed for these cases, but they are not accepted by all physician and veterinarian around the world. Complementary or alternative medicine should be considered as a type of treatment that is not in the medical world today or is not even registered, but some individuals and communities refer to it as the best treatment and define professional branches and sub-categories for it. But another unusual branch for treating diseases is regenerative or reconstructive medicine. In recent years, advances in cell biology, genetic immunology, and other fields have enabled regenerative medicine to fundamentally change health care. One of the duties of governmental and international organizations working in the field of health and treatment is to provide proper information and appropriate awareness of all fields of complementary and regenerative medicine for therapists and horse owners so that each person, after reviewing and consulting, can use these branches of medicine according to their needs and problems. Recently, significant progress has been made in the field of these two branches of unconventional medicine in European countries and North America Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - An overview of avian tendon and ligament problems
Nikta Moqadasi Abbas Raisi Hassan NorouzianTendon is a mechanical bridge that transmits muscle strength to the bones and joints. Musculoskeletal disorders damages millions of dollars in economic losses each year to companies in the animal husbandry industry that inflict food. The tendon is mainly composed of ten MoreTendon is a mechanical bridge that transmits muscle strength to the bones and joints. Musculoskeletal disorders damages millions of dollars in economic losses each year to companies in the animal husbandry industry that inflict food. The tendon is mainly composed of tenocyte and tenoblast cells and is oriented and organized by collagen fibers. Viral arthritis / tenosynovitis in poultry is one of the pathological manifestations of avian reovirus infection. Viral arthritis can be diagnosed by clinical observations and serological examination and radiological findings. Studies show the effect of vaccines on the prevention of this disease. Tendon mineralization in poultry can be a part of the natural process or can be caused by aging or tendon damage. Mineral deposition in tendons makes it a hard structure with less flexibility. The morphological properties of tissue and mineralized tendon cells have been studied. Several studies on the effects of activity on avian Gastrocnemius tendon have been performed. One of the tendon injuries is related to the patagial tendon, which responds well to treatment after surgery. The tendon plays a vital role in function of birds and is damaged, which causes irreparable problems. Therefore, it is necessary to know its structure and precise function in preventing damage as well as their more effective treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Ligament injuries and their management in the hind limbs of dogs
Ramin Mazaheri-Khameneh Mohammadmahdi Gooran Seyed Siavash GhoreishiLigament injuries are one of the most common injuries in small animals. These injuries can cause sudden pain, lameness and even weight intolerance. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment greatly increase the likelihood of successful treatment. Chronic injuries usually do MoreLigament injuries are one of the most common injuries in small animals. These injuries can cause sudden pain, lameness and even weight intolerance. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment greatly increase the likelihood of successful treatment. Chronic injuries usually do not respond well to treatment and weaken the prognosis of treatment. Injury to the cruciate ligaments, followed by damage to the collateral ligaments, is one of the most common injuries to the knee joint. There are many ways to diagnose and confirm these injuries. These include ultrasonography and radiography. Numerous strategies for diagnosing and treating ligament injuries have been presented in previous studies, some of which have been attempted during this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Recent Advanced in Minimally Invasive Surgery; A Review on New Procedures and Instruments
Mahdieh Katebian Mir Sepehr Pedram Mohammad Yasan Bangash mahbobeh abdiMinimally invasive surgeries are one of the most important revolutions in the history of surgery. recently, different methods of this type of surgery are widely used in medicine and veterinary medicine. With recent advances in minimally invasive surgery, a variety of su MoreMinimally invasive surgeries are one of the most important revolutions in the history of surgery. recently, different methods of this type of surgery are widely used in medicine and veterinary medicine. With recent advances in minimally invasive surgery, a variety of surgical methods have been introduced. Laparoscopic gallbladder resection is the most common type of minimally invasive surgery and many other surgeries have been introduced in the same way. This article introduces new methods in minimally invasive surgery. The further use of this type of surgery depends entirely on the development of new technologies in this field. The success of surgical procedures in the treatment of diseases is always measured by the amount of pain and trauma that the surgical method inflicts on the patient. Reducing these two factors has led to the progression and change surgical methods with minimal invasions in general and laparoscopic surgeries particularly in the last century. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Evaluation of effects of different cannulas and the initial incision size, on skin and underlying tissues in laparoscopic procedures in dog model.
Mahdieh Katebian Mohamad Hejazi roja ebrahimi jalal rezaie hossein marjanmehr hossein asheq farnaz mahmoodzadegan hesam adin akbareinObjective- While many of studies have evaluated effects of trocar on incision characteristics non has taken the design of the cannula into consideration. This study was conducted to figure out the type of cannula design which is associated with a better healing at the i MoreObjective- While many of studies have evaluated effects of trocar on incision characteristics non has taken the design of the cannula into consideration. This study was conducted to figure out the type of cannula design which is associated with a better healing at the insertion site, and to investigate if the size of incision in the port site has an effect on the healing process. Procedure-6 trocars were inserted in each dog. five animals were used, allowing the total number of 10 insertions for 7 mm incisions and threaded cannula (group A), 10 insertions for 10 mm incision and threaded cannula (group B) and 10 for 10 mm incision and smooth cannula (Group C), which constituted 3 groups of study. Results-Macroscopic and Histopathology comparison between group A and group B revealed significantly higher degenerative changes and necrosis in the dermal and muscle layer and a higher loss of the peritoneal lining in group A than B. Hemorrhage in the dermal layer of the skin and acute inflammatory reaction was significantly higher in group B compared with C . Conclusions - This study showed that a smaller incision than the trocar’s external diameter has destructive effects on the tissues. Moreover, using a trocar with a threaded cannula can have harmful effects on the surrounding tissues and it is considered more destructive than a smooth cannula. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Local care of the hooves (Footbath application)
Khosro Safari Nikroo mohammad ali sadeghiFoothbathes are one of the most efficient methods of control and prevention of foot lamenesses specially hoof infectious diseases in dairy herd facilities. In this article different types of foothbathes, design and structure, solutions and renewal rates have been review MoreFoothbathes are one of the most efficient methods of control and prevention of foot lamenesses specially hoof infectious diseases in dairy herd facilities. In this article different types of foothbathes, design and structure, solutions and renewal rates have been reviewed. Copper sulphate and formalin were the most frequently used solution and dimention of 81 cm of width, 3-3.7 m length and depth of 11 cm were introduced as standard dimentions. On the other hand due to environmental and human concerns these solution should be evacuated approperiatly. Also the most appropriate range of bath usage was between 1-4 times a day and 1-7 times a week and in each bath, between 100-300 cows can pass without significant reduction of chemical solution concentration. It should be noted that merely observing these instructions will not reduce digital diseases, and other health and disease control programs should be considered in the herd. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Gait biomechanics and digital growth and weight bearing pattern in dairy cows.
mohammad ali sadeghi Khosro Safari Nikroo Mohammad mirhajLameness is one the most important problems in dairy herds and a major cause of financial loss and pain and discomfort to animals. Different surveys have revealed that most lameness causing lesions in cattle originate in the claw and in order to better understand the cl MoreLameness is one the most important problems in dairy herds and a major cause of financial loss and pain and discomfort to animals. Different surveys have revealed that most lameness causing lesions in cattle originate in the claw and in order to better understand the claw disorders, one has to have good understanding of the anatomic structure, horn characteristics, and biomechanics of the claw. The claw is a direct product of the underlying living tissue and different factors affect the rate of horn growth and wear. Here, we aim to review the different factors effecting the horn growth and wear, weight bearing, and biomechanics of the claw. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - A review of common instruments usage in cattle hoof trimming
Ehsan Rostami Mojtaba Mohamaddoust Ahmadreza MohamadniaHoof trimming devices and facilities play an important role in hoof trimming, health of hoof trimmer and cow. Hoof trimming is a dangerous task for bot cows and trimmers and trimmer should consider usage of proper instruments and facilities for doing good job. Personal MoreHoof trimming devices and facilities play an important role in hoof trimming, health of hoof trimmer and cow. Hoof trimming is a dangerous task for bot cows and trimmers and trimmer should consider usage of proper instruments and facilities for doing good job. Personal protections like usage of gloves, glass shields and trimming gown can help in improving health and security of the trimmer. In this current review hoof trimming devices like hoof scissors, hoof knives, sharpening of the hoof knives, angle grinders, hoof trimming discs were reviewed. Usage of angle grinders with proper disc may lower hazards for hoof trimmer and increase quality of hoof trimming and its final outcome. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Hoof blocks in dairy cows, fundamentals and techniques of application
Mojtaba Mohamaddoust Fatemeh Kohansal Reyhane Sangtarash Ahmadreza MohamadniaDigital lesions were treated by corrective hoof trimming, nonstroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hoof blocks on a sound claw. Any claw lesions including sole ulcer, white line diseases, toe ulcer, digital wall lesions, penetrating interdigital necrobacillosis should b MoreDigital lesions were treated by corrective hoof trimming, nonstroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hoof blocks on a sound claw. Any claw lesions including sole ulcer, white line diseases, toe ulcer, digital wall lesions, penetrating interdigital necrobacillosis should be treated using hoof blocks. Block height estimated as 25, width 50 and length 110 millimeters. Sound claw should be prepared for block adhesion with no eminence or any rugged part. The block should stick to the digit slightly toward the heel. Different glue and adhesives were used in hoof blocking. Functional glues generally divided in to two groups of Epoxy and Polyurethane. These glues are strong with good elasticity. Epoxy glues are synthetic glues consisting of two parts of resin and hardener and are stronger than polyurethane glues. Polyurethane glues are more tolerant than epoxies against rusting and trauma but because of Isocyanates are dangerous in use. Methymetacrylate adhesive glues are located between polyurethane and epoxy glues with strong and elastic features. Different techniques of hoof block usage were reviewed in this current study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Cattle functional and corrective hoof trimming (Fundamentals and methods)
Ahmadreza MohamadniaHoof trimming consider as one of daily activities in dairy farms, as cows refer to hoof trimming chute several times annually. Hoof trimming is a hard work that needs special facilities, knowledge and skills with continuing education to reach optimum efficiency in farms MoreHoof trimming consider as one of daily activities in dairy farms, as cows refer to hoof trimming chute several times annually. Hoof trimming is a hard work that needs special facilities, knowledge and skills with continuing education to reach optimum efficiency in farms. Different hoof trimming techniques were used in past years and Dutch hoof trimming method published by Tussaint Raven consider as the first well explain method that still is the base of different hoof trimming methods around the world. However, White line reunion and Kansas methods also were used in different parts of the world. Hoof trimming were done in order to balance weight distribution between digits, transfer weight to normal digits and finding lesions in early stages. Corkscrew claws needs special trimming that were described in this article. Hoof trimming faults like over trimming of abaxial hoof wall, sole, heel and toe were mentioned in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Hoof trimming as a part of lameness control in dairy farms
Reyhane Sangtarash Marzieh FaeziProduction diseases and conditions is common on intensive dairy farming which lead to pain and uncomforting or death in affected animals. Lameness has negative effects on comfort and economic issues. In many cases, lameness is associated with pain, which may change the MoreProduction diseases and conditions is common on intensive dairy farming which lead to pain and uncomforting or death in affected animals. Lameness has negative effects on comfort and economic issues. In many cases, lameness is associated with pain, which may change the cow's motivation to perform certain behaviors (such as walking, lying, etc.) for pain reduction and discomfort. Reduced milk yield, poor reproductive performance, shortened productive time, increased culling risk and treatment costs are the major related economic losses. Despite all the negative effects of lameness on animals and the dairy industry, limited research has been done to evaluate preventive measures. Low awareness of lameness maybe the biggest problem in its detection and control. Lameness control strategies usually include hoof trimming and treatment of motility disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the importance of hoof trimming and its effect on claw health (effect of hoof trimming on infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases or other claw-related injuries), behavioral variables (lying time and locomotion score), physiological variables (heart rate, respiration rate, plasma cortisol level, etc.), production variables (milk production and reproduction) and other factors related to hoof trimming. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Cesarean section procedure in cattle
Khosro Safari Nikroo Negin Rahimdoust Mozhdehi Samaneh GhasemiCesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most import MoreCesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most important reason for cesarean procedure and survival of the cow and the calf, and maintenance of fertility are the main aims of cesarean in cattle. In this article, the history of this technique has been briefly mentioned and the aim of this article is to describe the indications of cesarean, decision making for surgery, preparaton of the patient, different cesarian surgical approaches, as well as post-operative cares and complications in cattle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Management of birth canal injuries in dairy cows
Bahare Hafezi mohammad ali sadeghi Ahmadreza MohammadniaInjuries of the birth canal in cows (perineal lacerations, fistula…) cause significant economic loss in dairy herds. These injuries usually are associated with obstetric trauma during labor. Third degree perineal lacerations and fistula formation usually happen because MoreInjuries of the birth canal in cows (perineal lacerations, fistula…) cause significant economic loss in dairy herds. These injuries usually are associated with obstetric trauma during labor. Third degree perineal lacerations and fistula formation usually happen because of dystocia, improper repairs, abscesses and forced extractions and lead to fecal contamination of the birth canal and reduced fertility. The main reason for the birth canal and external part of the reproductive tract surgery is to restore fertility of the animal and repair the injuries associated with dystocia. In this review the causes, management, and treatment of these disorders by emphasizing on the importance of birth canal injuries in cows were discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Septic arthritis in cattle and calf
Seyed Mousa Mousavi Samaneh GhasemiSeptic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. Th MoreSeptic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. This condition occurs when joint space affects by invasion of various microorganisms. Failure of transfer of passive immunity, penetrating wounds, septicemia, and therapeutic or diagnostic interventions are the causes of septic arthritis. Lameness, joint effusion, pain, and fever are the most important of clinical signs of septic arthritis. One or more joints may be affected. Complete physical examination, synovial fluid and blood analysis, and imaging studies techniques are used as diagnostic tools for septic arthritis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of septic arthritis are necessary to improve prognosis. Treatment strategy of septic arthritis includes antimicrobial therapy, anti-inflammatories, and joint lavage. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis are described in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Flexural and Angular deformity in the Calves
hamid reza moslemi navid Ehsan pourAs the anatomical condition of the limbs is extremely important for production performance, animal welfare, as well as economic consequences, it is very important to study the types of limbs malformations in infants and provide corrective measures. A congenital malforma MoreAs the anatomical condition of the limbs is extremely important for production performance, animal welfare, as well as economic consequences, it is very important to study the types of limbs malformations in infants and provide corrective measures. A congenital malformation of the animal's limbs is more common in calves, lambs, and foals, involving flexor and extensor tendons in the fetlock and pastern joints. Deformities of the wrist and palmar-carpal joint in the forelimbs are the most common congenital deformities in calves. A non-surgical treatment is performed in cases whose limbs can be opened with the hand, and the ventral part of the fingers is in contact with the ground. The use of surgical treatment is mainly reserved for severe cases of deformity and calves with insufficient correction after splints and casts have failed. Generally, calves with flexion deformity have a good prognosis. Angular deformity of the limb refers to the deviation of the limb outward (valgus) or inward (varus). An Dorso-Palmar (Plantar) position is necessary to examine and measure the deformity's anatomical position. Angular deformities associated with abnormal bone growth plates can be corrected by removing the bone matrix or delaying on growth plate using of fixation through the growth plate. Furthermore, there are two other surgical methods for correcting angular deformity: osteotomy using the closing wedge and the step-wise method. Angular deformities related to imbalances in growth plates have a good prognosis. Secondary angular deformity caused by orthopedic injuries in the opposite limb has a poor prognosis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Local anethetic techniques of distal limbs in cattle
mohammad ali sadeghi Samaneh GhasemiCattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are rela MoreCattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are relatively simple and inexpensive with low side effects. Local or reginal anesthesia involve the local anesthetic drug that provide the absence of sensation in a region of body. Use of appropriate of local anesthesia is an important tool to perform different therapeutic and surgical procedures in limbs of cattle. It is important that local anesthesia provides sufficient analgesia for pain management. Lidocaine is the most common local anesthetic drug used in cattle. Before injection, the skin should be cleaned to reduce the chance of introducing pathogens. There are several techniques of local and reginal anesthesia including nerve block, ring block, four-point and, intravenous regional anesthesia for distal limbs in cattle. In nerve block, an anesthetic drug injects near specific nerves while ring block performs by injection of an anesthetic drug circumferentially around the mid-metacarpus or metacarpus region. In low four-point block, local anesthetic drug is injected in four sites to anesthetize the lower limb from pastern distally. During intravenous regional anesthesia, an anesthetic drug is intravenously injected by a catheter followed by the placement of a tourniquet around the limb. Consideration to the volume of used local anesthetic drug is necessary for prevention of toxic effect of these drugs. In this article, the most common local anesthetic techniques of the distal limbs in cattle are described. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Acquried tendon injuries in cattle
Zahra Sadat Yousef Sani Ahad Jafari Rahbar Alizadeh Samaneh GhasemiTendon disorders are the important cause of lameness, decreased production and loss of economic in cattle. These disorders may be congenital or acquired. Acquired tendon injuries involve tendon laceration, avulsion and rupture. Direct trauma, breeding injuries, bulls f MoreTendon disorders are the important cause of lameness, decreased production and loss of economic in cattle. These disorders may be congenital or acquired. Acquired tendon injuries involve tendon laceration, avulsion and rupture. Direct trauma, breeding injuries, bulls fight, and, handling accidents are the most causes of tendon injuries in cattle. Deep and superficial digital flexor tendons and gastrocnemius tendon are commonly affected. Clinical signs of tendon injuries depend on the severity of injury. Pain, mild to severe lameness and recumbency are the clinical signs associated with tendon injuries in cattle. Treatment of tendon injuries consist of stall confinement, anti-inflammatory medications, limb supporting through application of cast or splint and tenorrhaphy. The prognosis of tendon injuries affects by the severity of injury. Common acquired tendon injuries in cattle are described in this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Digit amputation in cattle
Sajjad Pishbin Farzad HayatiLameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the majo MoreLameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the major causes of lameness in cattle. Bones of the digits in cattle include the first, second and, third phalanx. Two vestigial digits are existed in cattle. The medial digit and the lateral digit are the main weight bearing structures on the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively. One of the practical treatments for injuries of the digits is its amputation. Among the most important causes of digit amputation, can mention osteomyelitis of finger and navicular bones, septic arthritis of interdigital joints, fractures and hoof traumas that have not responded to other conservative treatment. Most of digit amputation procedures perform under local anesthetic techniques with the cattle standing position. Selection of digit amputation techniques depends on several factors, such as the lesion type and the extent of involved anatomical structures. The most common surgical method is to amputate the digit through the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx without the need for a skin flap, which usually has a good prognosis and is effective in improving the economic life of the animal. Todays, limb amputation and the use of prosthesis are indicated in cattle or calf with untreatable musculoskeletal trauma or infection. General anesthesia is recommended for limb amputation. Although the short-term prognosis for limb amputation is good, the long-term prognosis depends on the weight of the animal and caring condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Management of fractures in cattle
Nasim Qaemifar Faezeh AlipourToday, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fractu MoreToday, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fracture and recovery. Generally, fractures which occur in ruminants and generally in large ruminants are of great importance for treatment because according to experiences, despite the cost incurred, the treatment of these complications is a good result .Often fractures occur in hind limb and fore limb parts of the animals and fewer cases are reported from the other parts. Selection of appropriate treatment method and control of these complications is affected by several factors, but in general, economic factors in patients can be considered as one of the most effective factors in this selection. About fracture management, some factors such as physical examination, prevention of subsequent secondary infection and etc, are discussed. In general, from 1950 onwards, the use of internal fixation in the treatment of fractures increased. The costs that are used to provide internal fixation instruments, preparation of radiographs, the salary of surgeons, postoperative cares and etc, may be considered for the owner, therefore, it should be considered before the beginning of surgery. Although there are many studies about the modification of fractures with external fixation, but there is a little data about the use of this system in large animals. In this article, the principles of treatment of internal and external fixation fractures are mentioned. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Ligamentous injuries of the stifle joint in cattle
Zahra Sadat Yousef Sani Ahad Jafari Rahbar Alizadeh mohammad ali sadeghiLameness of the hindlimbs originating from the stifle joint is one of the causes of pain, production losses, and culling from herd in cattle. Stifle is a large joint divided into femeropatellar and lateral and medial femorotibial joints. The major soft tissue structures MoreLameness of the hindlimbs originating from the stifle joint is one of the causes of pain, production losses, and culling from herd in cattle. Stifle is a large joint divided into femeropatellar and lateral and medial femorotibial joints. The major soft tissue structures of the stifle joint are lateral and medial collateral ligaments, cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, lateral, middle, and medial patellar ligaments, and menisci That contribute to stabilize the stifle joint and its function. Different disorders including fractures, arthritis, and injuries of the menisci, collateral, and cruciate ligaments, and upward fixation of the patella affect stifle joint in cattle. The most important sequela of the stifle injuries is degenerative joint disease. Various degree of joint effusion, pain and lameness are the common clinical signs of stifle injuries in cattle. Lameness of the stifle joint may be difficult to diagnose and treat. Therefore, careful examination of the hindlimb is indicated. Radiography and ultrasonography can be used for diagnosis of stifle joint injuries in cattle. Because of the economic considerations and other limitations, advanced diagnostic techniques such as arthroscopy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are uncommonly performed in cattle. Conservative management and surgical techniques are used for treatment of stifle disorders in cattle. Economic value of the cattle, severity of injury, presence of degenerative joint disease, availability of surgical equipment, and expertise of the surgeon should be considered for selecting of treatment options. Prognosis of stifle disorders in cattle is variable and depends on the type of injury, its severity, involved structures and concurrent injuries as well as cattle condition. In this article the most important soft tissues injuries of the stifle joint, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of these injuries are described. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - patellar luxation in dogs
Alireza Shaikhzadeh Amin Bigham-SadeghPatellar luxation is a common orthopedic problem in dogs. Both large and small breed dogs may be affected; the disease may be seen in cats as well. Medial luxation is more common than lateral luxation and is usually diagnosed in dogs of small breed. patellar luxation ba MorePatellar luxation is a common orthopedic problem in dogs. Both large and small breed dogs may be affected; the disease may be seen in cats as well. Medial luxation is more common than lateral luxation and is usually diagnosed in dogs of small breed. patellar luxation based on severity of occurred changes divided to 4 different grades. Patellar luxation is a congenital/developmental disorder, but it could be secondary to traumatic accident causing tearing or stretching of the joint capsule and fascia, leading to femoropatellar instability. Diagnosis is based on clinical evidence of patellar instability; however, diagnostic imaging is required to assess the amount of skeletal deformity and then the most appropriate method of treatment. Clinical signs of dogs with patellar luxation can vary from animal to animal and are only partially related to the degree of concomitant skeletal deformities. Lameness may be intermittent or continuous, and usually is a mild-to-moderate weight bearing lameness with occasional lifting of the limb. Concurrent rupture of the CrCL has been reported in a study in 41% of the stifle joints of dogs with medial patellar luxation. Surgical options include both soft tissue and osseous techniques, however, in most of the cases, a combination of more procedures is used to achieve the correction of the luxation. Complication rate is generally low and the most common complications include reluxation and implant-associated complications. Prognosis is generally favorable, with most of the dogs returning to normal limb function. This article describes patellar luxation features in dogs, including clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options available Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - a review on on Juvenile Orthopedic disease in dogs and cats
Aref Ghashghaee Amin Bigham-SadeghOrthopedic diseases of young animals affect the musculoskeletal system of juveniles, and most of these diseases can be traced to pathological processes (such as diseases, toxins, improper nutrition, trauma) during this period. These diseases related to bones and joints MoreOrthopedic diseases of young animals affect the musculoskeletal system of juveniles, and most of these diseases can be traced to pathological processes (such as diseases, toxins, improper nutrition, trauma) during this period. These diseases related to bones and joints begin and develop during skeletal development after birth, in the first 26 weeks of life. This group of pathological conditions of young dogs and cats, including congenital and neonatal orthopedic diseases, includes diseases that occur in the prenatal period or in the first 3 to 4 weeks of life. During the growth period, the morphology of the joints develops, the bones also mature and reach their length and shape in an adult animal. Orthopedic diseases of young animals are deviations of these regular processes. These diseases are a common problem in dogs and cats, can be painful and are not easily noticeable. These diseases can affect the bones, cartilage and joints of young animals and cause lameness, stiffness and difficulty moving. Early diagnosis and treatment are very important for successful outcome in these diseases. Veterinary clinicians should be aware of the signs and symptoms of these diseases, including lameness, joint pain, swelling, and difficulty moving. Diagnostic tests such as radiography and blood tests can help make the diagnosis. According to the type of disease, the treatment options are different and can include drugs, surgery or other interventions and may even be incurable. Prevention is also important in reducing the risk of orthopedic diseases in young dogs and cats, by preventing the mating and sterilization of animals with genetic disorders, it is possible to prevent the next generation from getting genetic diseases. Nutrition, exercise and weight management can also contribute to healthy bone and body growth in young animals. Veterinary course checkups can also help identify potential problems at the right time and prompt interventions and treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - A Review of Structure and Mechanisms of Tendon Injury and Repair in Small Animals
Fatemeh Iraji Aboutorab Tabatabaei NaeiniTendons are soft connective tissues composed of parallel collagen fibers embedded in an extracellular matrix. This organized structure allows the tendons to bear and transfer large forces between the muscle and the bone. Tendons contain 86% collagen, 1-5% proteoglycan , MoreTendons are soft connective tissues composed of parallel collagen fibers embedded in an extracellular matrix. This organized structure allows the tendons to bear and transfer large forces between the muscle and the bone. Tendons contain 86% collagen, 1-5% proteoglycan ,and 2% elastin, which are calculated as dry weight, and water is responsible for 60-80% of the wet weight of the whole tendon. Tendon healing can be generally divided into 3 phases; the repair, inflammation, and remodeling phases. Although the tensile strength of the healed tendon improves over time, it does not reach the level of uninjured tissue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - the cartilage and cartilage healing in dogs and cats
iman farhangniaCartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout body. Cartilage is divided into different types based on the type of fibers in the underlying tissue as well as the percentage of their composition, MoreCartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout body. Cartilage is divided into different types based on the type of fibers in the underlying tissue as well as the percentage of their composition, each has different functional characteristics. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and abundant type of cartilage rich in type ΙΙ of collagen fibers and proteoglycan. Elastic cartilage has more flexibility and in the matrix of this cartilage, in addition to the type ΙΙ of collagen fibers, a large amount of elastic fibers is also present. In fact, the presence of these elastic fibers is a factor in the ability of this type of cartilage to change shape and return to its original state. The fibrocartilage is the strongest type of cartilage. The characteristic feature of this type of cartilage is high weight bearing. Fibrocartilage contains collagen fibers scattered between layers of the matrix. The restorative strength of cartilage tissue is very limited and the repair of this tissue after injury is always accompanied by challenges and problems. Articular cartilage damage is considered as one of the most important challenges of orthopedic surgeons. Today, different methods are used to treat the articular cartilage defect, however, in none of the methods complete restoration and restoration of tissue integrity of articular cartilage is achieved. Surgical procedures are divided into two categories, reparative and restorative surgery. The purpose of this article is to review the structure of cartilage and the methods of articular cartilage healing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - External Skeletal Fixators in Small Animal
hamid reza moslemi navid Ehsani pour Faeze EmarlooAn external skeletal fixator is an orthopedic method for treating open or closed fractures of long tubular bones, joint stiffness, bone lengthening, and congenital malformations. An external skeletal fixator is a device that is installed outside the organ and inserts p MoreAn external skeletal fixator is an orthopedic method for treating open or closed fractures of long tubular bones, joint stiffness, bone lengthening, and congenital malformations. An external skeletal fixator is a device that is installed outside the organ and inserts pins into the fracture to fix it and adjust the position of the pin. They are connected to the frame and secured with bolts and nuts. Fixtures have changed significantly in appearance and biomechanics over time, but the principle and function remain the same. These fixtures consist of pins or thin stainless steel wires that penetrate the skin and reach the bone. This way the broken part is fixed in the right direction. Depending on the body geometry and shape, these external skeletal fixators are available in different types such as linear, circular, and hybrid fixators. The simplest and most common type of external skeletal fixator is the linear fixator. The use of an external fixator has several advantages over other fixation methods such as stabilization of the fracture at some distance from the injury site, no need for a cast, ease of patient movement, and minimal involvement of the joint. Premature loosening of the pin is the most common complication causing pain, inflammation, and discharge from the pin tract. Although these fixators are versatile and effective treatment models, they require careful maintenance during treatment. Before deciding to use an external fixator, the patient's and pet's owner's ability to comply with postoperative care instructions should be considered. This article reviews the types of external fixators, postoperative care, and their complications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - A review on external coaptation methods in small animal
pouriya almasi Aboutorab Tabatabaei NaeiniExternal fixation by means of coaptation means using casts, splints, bandages, and slings to immobilize the injured limb. These methods if used properly approximate the shape of the limb on which they are applied and provide stable fixation of bone fragments without the MoreExternal fixation by means of coaptation means using casts, splints, bandages, and slings to immobilize the injured limb. These methods if used properly approximate the shape of the limb on which they are applied and provide stable fixation of bone fragments without the need for surgical implants at the fracture site. External fixation of orthopedic injuries in veterinary medicine has significant advantages over open fixation and internal fixation. In most cases, the soft tissue and vascular damages, the risk of infection, and the cost of its use can be much lower than surgical intervention. Careful case selection is required to achieve successful treatment of fractures with external coaptation. Temporary fixation methods are usually used to prevent edema, relieve pain, reduce subsequent soft tissue damage, protect the wound from further contamination, prevent the conversion of closed fractures to open fractures, and stabilize the fractured particles in acutely injured animals. Various types of External coaptations are available in veterinary practice to provide the best external fixation of injuries. Therefore, it is essential for the practitioners in this field to have sufficient familiarity with different methods and their uses. As a general rule, external coaptation is an acceptable mode of fracture repair for animals that are younger than 1 year of age, because they heal faster. External coaptation best neutralizes flexion forces on distal fractures and requires stabilization of the joint above and below the fractured site. Therefore, coaptation has the disadvantage of prolonged immobilization of the limb, which can cause severe atrophy from "disuse atrophy" and possible "fracture disease". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Orthopedic examination of the hind limb in small animal
hamid reza moslemi Mahshid FarmandLameness is a common complaint in small animal medicine. Orthopedic examination is performed by visual and manual assessment of the patient. In most cases, the affected extremity is identified, but the exact origin of that extremity remains obscure and sometimes difficu MoreLameness is a common complaint in small animal medicine. Orthopedic examination is performed by visual and manual assessment of the patient. In most cases, the affected extremity is identified, but the exact origin of that extremity remains obscure and sometimes difficult. Orthopedic examination plays an important role in determining the location of lameness, diagnosing its cause, and finding appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis of musculoskeletal problems is very important to apply appropriate treatment and preventive measures in the early stages of disease progression. Patients presenting with symptoms of musculoskeletal abnormalities should undergo a complete orthopedic examination. A systematic approach to orthopedic examination is important to assess all structures and ensure that no part is missed. The purpose of orthopedic examination is to assess the presence or absence of the disease in the patient and determine the causes of its occurrence. The orthopedic examination includes history taking, walking observation, step analysis and evaluation, and clinical examination of the patient. A history of lameness, previous diagnoses and treatments and their effects, the presence of other systemic diseases, and diet should be documented before the initiation of clinical examination. The time of onset of lameness, possible causes, and the timing of progression also help in a better diagnosis. It is very important to observe the patient walking from different directions at different speeds. Observing the patient going up and down stairs and ramps may also help. Understanding movement and gait is important for diagnosing many musculoskeletal and neurological problems. Gait analysis should be performed before any orthopedic or neurological examination. Gait analysis can help further clarify which limb is affected. Finally, an orthopedic clinical examination of the animal is performed. This article describes methods for clinical examination of the hind limb. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Internal Fixation Methods of Bone Fractures in Small Animals
Arian Pouramin Seifollah DehghaniBone fractures in dogs and cats are usually see and we concern with those in the clinic. Usually, fractures occur after a traumatic accident such as being hit by a car or falling from a height, some fractures occur following pathological bone weakening, which is seen wi MoreBone fractures in dogs and cats are usually see and we concern with those in the clinic. Usually, fractures occur after a traumatic accident such as being hit by a car or falling from a height, some fractures occur following pathological bone weakening, which is seen with some neoplastic conditions such as osteosarcoma. The main goals of fracture stabilization; Immobilization of broken parts, quick repair of the damaged bone, return of primary mobility, full function and stability to weight bearing of the bruise limb. All internal and external fixation methods that allow significant intersegmental motion under weight bearing are considered flexible fixation. The best important point in the stabilization of fractures is that a possibility of repair, that is, the blood supply to the place is maintained and the fixation is not so tight that it leads to a delay in bone fusion. Open fixation and internal fixation have been used to restore bone anatomy and original mobility and to overcome the limitations encountered when treating fractures with skeletal traction or cast immobilization. The main goal of internal fixation is to achieve rapid and, if possible, full function of the affected limb with rapid rehabilitation of the patient. The selection of the internal fixation method is based on the classification of the fracture, break bone, synchronize injuries, open fracture, and of course the forces that are neutralized by the fixation method. Internal stabilization implants are made of stainless steel and include; There are intramedullary pins, orthopedic wire, plates and screws. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Orthopedics examination of the fore limb in small animal
hamid reza moslemi navid Ehsani pour Faeze Emarlooameness is a common problem in small animal medicine. Since animals, especially dogs, bear most of their weight on their front legs, it seems necessary to examine the fore limb. Diagnosis and treatment of fore limb lameness are often difficult. Diagnosis of the lesion i Moreameness is a common problem in small animal medicine. Since animals, especially dogs, bear most of their weight on their front legs, it seems necessary to examine the fore limb. Diagnosis and treatment of fore limb lameness are often difficult. Diagnosis of the lesion is difficult because patients usually do not show obvious pain on palpation. Investigation of the cause of lameness and the anatomical location of the lesion depends on the age, breed, and lifestyle of the animal. Therefore, a systematic orthopedic examination of the extremity is critical to ensure that all structures are assessed and no part is overlooked. An orthopedic examination includes not only a clinical examination of the patient but also an anamnesis, gait observation, stride analysis, and evaluation. First, a history of lameness, diagnosis, previous treatment, and its effectiveness, presence of other systemic conditions, and diet should be evaluated. Assessing a patient's gait on flat and sloping surfaces at different speeds can help understand which limb is lame. Studying and analyzing animal movements is considered a very important step in detecting organ damage and abnormalities. Abnormal gait that may be caused by nerve or musculoskeletal damage is therefore called lameness. It is caused by hereditary, congenital, developmental disorders, trauma, and infection of this organ. Finally, an orthopedic clinical examination of the animal is performed. The appearance of pain during the examination indicates the localization of the lesion since an orthopedic examination of the organ does not cause pain in healthy animals. First, the normal, seemingly healthy side is checked so that the animal is calm and so that individual responses to specific tests can be judged. Therefore, this article describes a method for systematic orthopedic examination of the fore limb. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - The healing process of bone lesions and fractures, effective treatment methods
Haniyeh yabandeh jahromi Abodol hamid Meymandi Parizi Alireza ShaikhzadehFracture repair involves proliferation and differentiation of multiple tissue types in a sequence followed by regeneration. All of these processes may be affected by medications. Some drugs can affect the proliferation of primary callus tissue, others can affect the dif MoreFracture repair involves proliferation and differentiation of multiple tissue types in a sequence followed by regeneration. All of these processes may be affected by medications. Some drugs can affect the proliferation of primary callus tissue, others can affect the differentiation of chondrocytes or osteoblasts, formation of capillaries, sensitivity to mechanical input, etc. Therefore, the subject of drugs and fracture repair not only includes pharmacology and orthopedics, but also includes a wide scope. Repair steps after bone damage include: stage 1: (swelling stage), stage 2: (primary bone repair): over the next 4 to 21 days, a callus is formed around the broken bone. In this stage, a substance called collagen gradually replaces the blood clot. Step 3: (secondary bone repair) approximately two weeks after the fracture, cells called osteoblasts start working. These cells cause new bone to fuse and provide minerals needed for bone strength. Step 4: (reconstruction step): in this stage, cells called osteoclasts make the needed changes and adjustments. These cells break down any extra bone that is formed during this healing phase to return the bone shape to its normal status. In current veterinary and also human orthopedics, bone grafts are used for stimulation of fractures healing, accelerate joint fusion and repair of bone defects. Native grafted bone in addition to healing stimulator substances, contains cells that do not stimulate immune reactions and do not transmit infectious diseases. Currently, due to the problems of autologous bone grafting, the desire to use non-autologous bone grafts such as allograft and xenograft has increased. Kinetic hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and their both combination are among the common materials for bone grafting. Hydroxyapatite works as a scaffold for the growth of bone-forming cells; tarantula cubensis is an extract that is widely used in the treatment of tumors, smallpox, septicemia and toxemic diseases. Also, other materials that are used as substitutes, after being implanted at the site of bone lesions, induce the differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present at the site of the lesion into chondrocytes or immature bone cells, and finally, the defects are successfully repaired. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Data Analyses in Veterinary Research & Practice
Negin Esfandiary MohammadArad zandiehResearchers can interpret and analyze livestock problems and diseases by using data obtained from different characteristics of animals and their environment. The pivotal role of statistical analysis of data in the field of veterinary research & practice is inevitable. I MoreResearchers can interpret and analyze livestock problems and diseases by using data obtained from different characteristics of animals and their environment. The pivotal role of statistical analysis of data in the field of veterinary research & practice is inevitable. In this review article, shedding light on its significance in unraveling complex patterns and drawing reliable conclusions from diverse datasets. The veterinary domain, characterized by a spectrum of species and inherent biological variability, necessitates robust statistical methodologies to discern meaningful insights. In order to make inferences about disease causation or a researcher's hypothesis, data must be categorized and the goal is to decide whether the groups are statistically different or not. Finally, using a suitable statistical test, the research hypothesis is rejected or accepted, and finally the necessary interpretations are made. The researcher can decide what data should be collected and how. In practice, in this case, the researcher's hands are open and they can make the best possible decision, but often prospective data collection is costly and time-consuming. Another mode is retrospective research, which is often based on data collected by veterinarians from slaughterhouses, laboratories, clinics, inoculation centers, etc. or from other organizations and institutions. The article explores a range of statistical techniques applied in veterinary research and practice, including data normalization, hypothesis test, parametric and non-parametric test, regression and coefficient test, and validity in veterinary medicine. These futures has shedding light on animal interactions and patterns. Ultimately, this review article serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers and practitioners in veterinary science, offering insights into the nuanced application of statistical analyses. By navigating the complexities of veterinary data, it aims to empower the scientific community to leverage statistical tools effectively, ultimately advancing the quality and reliability of research in veterinary medicine. Manuscript profile