An Introduction to Equine Dentistry; Necessity of Much More Consideration
Subject Areas :Keywords: Equine Dentistry, Principles, Necessities, Iran,
Abstract :
Dental problems are one of the main challenges in equine medicine and its management has a considerable effect on horse’s performance and profitability in equine industry. Considering the fact that prevention is better than treatment, a regular dental care program based on a scientific plan can lead to an early and definitive diagnosis; which results in a correct intervention and treatment. Dental and oral observation, necessary diagnostic and restraint equipment and instruments, attritional lesions and injuries will be explained and discussed. Finally, the current situation of equine dentistry in our country will be evaluated so that its necessity would be much more seriously considered.
References:
1. Tisserand, J.L; Fermentation in the hindgut of the horse-Possibilities of disorders. In Europäische Konferenz über die Ernährung des Pferdes (Pferdeheilkunde Ed.); 1992; pp: 197-200).
2. Krusic, L; Easley, J. and Pagan, J; Influence of corrected teeth on daily food consumption and glucose availability in horses. In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Horse Diseases, Radenci, Slovenia, 23rd–24th March, 1995; pp: 53-68.
3. Ralston, S.L; Foster, D.L; Divers, T. and Hintz, H.F; Effect of dental correction on feed digestibility in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal; 2001; 33, 390-393.
4. Traub-Dargatz, J.L; Salman, M.D. and Voss, J.L; Medical problems of adult horses, as ranked by equine practitioners. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991; 198, 1745-1747.
5. Dixon, P.M; Tremaine, W.H; Pickles, K; Kuhns, L; Hawe, C., McCANN, J.A.C.Q.U.I. and Brammer, S; Equine dental disease Part 2: a long‐term study of 400 cases: disorders of development and eruption and variations in position of the cheek teeth. Equine veterinary journal; 1999; 31(6), 519-528.
6. Jeffrey, D; Horse dentistry. The theory and practice of equine dental maintenance. Idaho: World Wide Equine; 1996
7. Easley, J; Dental and oral examination. In: Baker G.J, Easley J. (Eds.). Equine Dentistry. First ed. W B Saunders, London, 1999; pp: 107-126.
8. Stubbs, R.C; Dentistry of equine cheek teeth. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Denver, Colorado, USA; 2004; pp: 1-6.
9. Dixon, P. M. and Dacre, I; A review of equine dental disorders. The veterinary journal; 2005; 169, 165-187.
10. Greene, S.K. and Basile, T.P; Recognition and treatment of equine periodontal disease, in Proceedings. 48th Annu Meet Am Assoc Equine pract; 2002; pp:463–466.
11. Uhlinger, C; Survey of selected dental abnormalities in 233 horses. In Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (USA); 1988.
12. DeBowes, L.J; Mosier, D; Logan, E.L; Harvey, C.E; Lowry, S. and Richardson, D.C; Association of periodontal disease and histologic lesions in multiple organs from 45 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry; 1996; 13(2), 57-60.
13. Baker, G. J; Dental physical examination. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice; 1998; 14(2), 247-257.
14. Knottenbelt, D.C; The systemic effects of dental disease. In: Baker GJ and Easley J, eds. Equine Dentistry. WB Saunders,Philadelphia, 1999; pp: 127-138.
15. Wagner, A.E. and Hinchcliff, K.W; Cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses. American journal of veterinary research; 1991; 52(5), 651-657.
16. Anderson, M.E. and Weese, J.S; Review of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and veterinary personnel who work with horses. proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Diego, 2008; 301-304.
17. Du Toit, N; Burden, F.A; Kempson, S.A. and Dixon, P.M; Pathological investigation of caries and occlusal pulpar exposure in donkey cheek teeth using computerised axial tomography with histological and ultrastructural examinations. The Veterinary Journal; 2008; 178(3), 387-395.
18. Henneke, D.R; A condition score system for horses. Equine practice (USA); 1985
19. Richardson, J.D; Lane, J.G. and Waldron, K.R; Is dentition an accurate indication of the age of a horse?. The Veterinary Record; 1994; 135(2), 31-34.
20. Walmsley, J.P; Some observations on the value of ageing 5–7‐year‐old horses by examination of their incisor teeth. Equine Veterinary Education; 1993; 5(6), 295-298.
21. Carmalt, J.L; Townsend, H.G. and Allen, A.L; Effect of dental floating on the rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible of horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 2003; 223(5), 666-669.
22. Rucker, B.A; Equine cheek teeth angle of occlusion: how to calculate and clinical use for incisor shortening. Equine Veterinary Education; 2004; 16(3), 137-142.
23. Johnson, T.J; Surgical removal of mandibular periostitis (bone spurs) caused by bit damage. In Proc Am Ass Equine Practnrs , Vol. 48, 2002; pp. 458-462.
24. Stock, S; Periodontal parameters in the normal and pathological equine tooth. In Proceedings of The 5th World Veterinary Dental Congress; 1997; pp. 92-95).
25. Dixon, P.M; Tremaine, W.H; Pickles, K; Kuhns, L; Hawe, C; McCANN, J.A.C.Q.U.I. and Brammer, S; Equine dental disease Part 1: A long‐term study of 400 cases: disorders of incisor, canine and first premolar teeth. Equine veterinary journal; 1999; 31, 369-377.
26. Goff, C; A study to determine the diagnostic advantages of oral endoscopy for the detection of dental pathology in the standing horse. Proceedings from the American Association of Equine Practitioners Focus on Dentistry, December, San Antonio, 2006; TX, 266-268.
27. Easley, J.K; How to properly perform and interpret an endoscopic examination of the equine oral cavity. In Proceedings; 2008; pp. 383-385.
28. Simhofer, H; Griss, R. and Zetner, K; The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses. The Veterinary Journal; 2008; 178(3), 396-404.
29. Barakzai, S.Z. and Dixon, P.M; A study of open‐mouthed oblique radiographic projections for evaluating lesions of the erupted (clinical) crown. Equine Veterinary Education; 2003; 15(3), 143-148.
30. Baker, G.J. and Easley, J; Equine Dentistry. 2th ed. W.B. Saunders, Fhiladelphia, 2005; PP: 25.
31. Leue, G; cited by Becker, E.(1962) Zahne. Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie der Haustiere; 1941; 5, 131-132.
32. May, K.A; Moll, H.D; Howard, R.D; Pleasant, R.S. and Gregg, J.M; Arthroscopic anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint. Veterinary Surgery; 2001; 30(6), 564-571.
33. Greene, S. K; Diagnosis and treatment of equine cheek teeth occlusions. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Veterinary Dental Forum, Albuquerque , 2000; pp. 282-284.
34. Baker, G.J. and Easley, J; Equine Dentistry. 1th ed. W.B. Saunders, London, 1999; PP: 250-258.
35. Greene, S.K; Equine dental advances. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice; 2001; 17(2), 319-334.
36. Allen, T; Johnson, T. and Miller, R; Safety issues and restraint procedures. Manual of Equine Dentistry. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2003; 43-48.
37. Baker, G.J. and Allen, M.L; The use of power equipment in equine dentistry. In Proc AAEP, Vol. 48, 2002; pp. 438.
38. Kempson, S.A; Davidson, M.E. and Dacre, I.T; The effect of three types of rasps on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study. Journal of veterinary dentistry; 2003; 20(1), 19-27.
1. Tisserand, J.L; Fermentation in the hindgut of the horse-Possibilities of disorders. In Europäische Konferenz über die Ernährung des Pferdes (Pferdeheilkunde Ed.); 1992; pp: 197-200).
2. Krusic, L; Easley, J. and Pagan, J; Influence of corrected teeth on daily food consumption and glucose availability in horses. In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Horse Diseases, Radenci, Slovenia, 23rd–24th March, 1995; pp: 53-68.
3. Ralston, S.L; Foster, D.L; Divers, T. and Hintz, H.F; Effect of dental correction on feed digestibility in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal; 2001; 33, 390-393.
4. Traub-Dargatz, J.L; Salman, M.D. and Voss, J.L; Medical problems of adult horses, as ranked by equine practitioners. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 1991; 198, 1745-1747.
5. Dixon, P.M; Tremaine, W.H; Pickles, K; Kuhns, L; Hawe, C., McCANN, J.A.C.Q.U.I. and Brammer, S; Equine dental disease Part 2: a long‐term study of 400 cases: disorders of development and eruption and variations in position of the cheek teeth. Equine veterinary journal; 1999; 31(6), 519-528.
6. Jeffrey, D; Horse dentistry. The theory and practice of equine dental maintenance. Idaho: World Wide Equine; 1996
7. Easley, J; Dental and oral examination. In: Baker G.J, Easley J. (Eds.). Equine Dentistry. First ed. W B Saunders, London, 1999; pp: 107-126.
8. Stubbs, R.C; Dentistry of equine cheek teeth. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Denver, Colorado, USA; 2004; pp: 1-6.
9. Dixon, P. M. and Dacre, I; A review of equine dental disorders. The veterinary journal; 2005; 169, 165-187.
10. Greene, S.K. and Basile, T.P; Recognition and treatment of equine periodontal disease, in Proceedings. 48th Annu Meet Am Assoc Equine pract; 2002; pp:463–466.
11. Uhlinger, C; Survey of selected dental abnormalities in 233 horses. In Proceedings of the annual convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (USA); 1988.
12. DeBowes, L.J; Mosier, D; Logan, E.L; Harvey, C.E; Lowry, S. and Richardson, D.C; Association of periodontal disease and histologic lesions in multiple organs from 45 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry; 1996; 13(2), 57-60.
13. Baker, G. J; Dental physical examination. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice; 1998; 14(2), 247-257.
14. Knottenbelt, D.C; The systemic effects of dental disease. In: Baker GJ and Easley J, eds. Equine Dentistry. WB Saunders,Philadelphia, 1999; pp: 127-138.
15. Wagner, A.E. and Hinchcliff, K.W; Cardiovascular effects of xylazine and detomidine in horses. American journal of veterinary research; 1991; 52(5), 651-657.
16. Anderson, M.E. and Weese, J.S; Review of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in horses and veterinary personnel who work with horses. proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Diego, 2008; 301-304.
17. Du Toit, N; Burden, F.A; Kempson, S.A. and Dixon, P.M; Pathological investigation of caries and occlusal pulpar exposure in donkey cheek teeth using computerised axial tomography with histological and ultrastructural examinations. The Veterinary Journal; 2008; 178(3), 387-395.
18. Henneke, D.R; A condition score system for horses. Equine practice (USA); 1985
19. Richardson, J.D; Lane, J.G. and Waldron, K.R; Is dentition an accurate indication of the age of a horse?. The Veterinary Record; 1994; 135(2), 31-34.
20. Walmsley, J.P; Some observations on the value of ageing 5–7‐year‐old horses by examination of their incisor teeth. Equine Veterinary Education; 1993; 5(6), 295-298.
21. Carmalt, J.L; Townsend, H.G. and Allen, A.L; Effect of dental floating on the rostrocaudal mobility of the mandible of horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association; 2003; 223(5), 666-669.
22. Rucker, B.A; Equine cheek teeth angle of occlusion: how to calculate and clinical use for incisor shortening. Equine Veterinary Education; 2004; 16(3), 137-142.
23. Johnson, T.J; Surgical removal of mandibular periostitis (bone spurs) caused by bit damage. In Proc Am Ass Equine Practnrs , Vol. 48, 2002; pp. 458-462.
24. Stock, S; Periodontal parameters in the normal and pathological equine tooth. In Proceedings of The 5th World Veterinary Dental Congress; 1997; pp. 92-95).
25. Dixon, P.M; Tremaine, W.H; Pickles, K; Kuhns, L; Hawe, C; McCANN, J.A.C.Q.U.I. and Brammer, S; Equine dental disease Part 1: A long‐term study of 400 cases: disorders of incisor, canine and first premolar teeth. Equine veterinary journal; 1999; 31, 369-377.
26. Goff, C; A study to determine the diagnostic advantages of oral endoscopy for the detection of dental pathology in the standing horse. Proceedings from the American Association of Equine Practitioners Focus on Dentistry, December, San Antonio, 2006; TX, 266-268.
27. Easley, J.K; How to properly perform and interpret an endoscopic examination of the equine oral cavity. In Proceedings; 2008; pp. 383-385.
28. Simhofer, H; Griss, R. and Zetner, K; The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses. The Veterinary Journal; 2008; 178(3), 396-404.
29. Barakzai, S.Z. and Dixon, P.M; A study of open‐mouthed oblique radiographic projections for evaluating lesions of the erupted (clinical) crown. Equine Veterinary Education; 2003; 15(3), 143-148.
30. Baker, G.J. and Easley, J; Equine Dentistry. 2th ed. W.B. Saunders, Fhiladelphia, 2005; PP: 25.
31. Leue, G; cited by Becker, E.(1962) Zahne. Handbuch der Speziellen Pathologischen Anatomie der Haustiere; 1941; 5, 131-132.
32. May, K.A; Moll, H.D; Howard, R.D; Pleasant, R.S. and Gregg, J.M; Arthroscopic anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint. Veterinary Surgery; 2001; 30(6), 564-571.
33. Greene, S. K; Diagnosis and treatment of equine cheek teeth occlusions. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Veterinary Dental Forum, Albuquerque , 2000; pp. 282-284.
34. Baker, G.J. and Easley, J; Equine Dentistry. 1th ed. W.B. Saunders, London, 1999; PP: 250-258.
35. Greene, S.K; Equine dental advances. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice; 2001; 17(2), 319-334.
36. Allen, T; Johnson, T. and Miller, R; Safety issues and restraint procedures. Manual of Equine Dentistry. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2003; 43-48.
37. Baker, G.J. and Allen, M.L; The use of power equipment in equine dentistry. In Proc AAEP, Vol. 48, 2002; pp. 438.
38. Kempson, S.A; Davidson, M.E. and Dacre, I.T; The effect of three types of rasps on the occlusal surface of equine cheek teeth: a scanning electron microscopic study. Journal of veterinary dentistry; 2003; 20(1), 19-27.